How is the number of congressional representatives from each state determined?

The number of congressional representatives from each state is determined by population, which aligns with the principle of proportional representation. Each state is allocated a number of representatives in the House of Representatives based on its population relative to other states, as counted in the decennial census. This ensures that states with larger populations have more representatives to advocate for their interests.

Additionally, every state has two senators, regardless of population, which contributes to the overall congressional structure but is separate from the representation in the House. This system is designed to balance the influence of populous states with less populous ones, providing a fair representation in the legislative process.

The other options do not accurately depict how representation is assigned. Equal representation for all states would negate the principle of representation by population and undermine the voice of larger states. State requests do not dictate the number of representatives; it is purely based on census data. A fixed number for each state contradicts the dynamic nature of population changes that occur over time. Therefore, recognizing representation as a function of population is essential to understanding how Congress reflects the demographic makeup of the nation.